Literature Nobel goes to Sweden's best-known poet (AP)

By MALIN RISING and LOUISE NORDSTROM, Associated Press Malin Rising And Louise Nordstrom, Associated Press – 2?hrs?13?mins?ago

STOCKHOLM – The Nobel Prize in literature was awarded Thursday to a psychologist who used his spare time to craft sparsely written poems about the mysteries of everyday life — commuting to work, watching the sun rise or waiting for nightfall.

Tomas Transtromer, Sweden's most famous poet, had been a favorite for the prize for so many years that even his countrymen had started to doubt whether he would ever win.

Now 80 and retired from writing, he finally got the call as he sat down to watch the prize announcement on TV.

Asked how it felt to be the first Swede in four decades to win the literature prize, he told reporters: "Very good."

He gave mostly one-syllable answers to questions, the result of a stroke more than two decades ago that left him partially paralyzed and largely unable to speak. His wife, Monica, filled in the details.

"It was a very big surprise," she said. "Tomas, I know you were surprised. Despite the speculation for so many years, you haven't really taken it seriously."

Most of all, she said, Transtromer was pleased to see the prize go to poetry for the first time since Wislawa Szymborska of Poland won in 1996.

Transtromer's surrealistic works are characterized by powerful imagery that explores the mysteries of the human mind. His poems are often built around his own experiences and infused with his love of music and nature. He also writes about history, existential questions and death.

"His poems have a kind of stark, piercing inwardness that's very striking," said Robert Hass, a Pulitzer Prize-winning poet who edited Transtromer's "Selected Poems."

"There are lots of poems written about driving back and forth to work, poems about dawn, poems about dusk. He gets those moments in life, those ordinary periods of change."

Transtromer (TRAWN-stroh-mur) has long been recognized as the most influential Scandinavian poet of the post-World War II era. His work has been translated into more than 50 languages.

But many thought his nationality stood in the way of receiving the prestigious, $1.5 million Nobel from the Swedish Academy, which has often been accused of bias in favor of literature from mainland Europe. Seven of the last 10 winners have been mainland Europeans.

"The Swedish modesty, or the Swedish fear of being Swedish, has postponed Transtromer's award by at least 10 years," Swedish poet Bob Hansson wrote on his blog after the announcement.

The last Swedes to win the literature prize were Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, who shared it in 1974.

Peter Englund, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, acknowledged that the group is especially cautious about recognizing Swedish writers out of concern that doing so might suggest the members favor their own countrymen.

"I think we've been quite thoughtful and haven't been rash," he said after Thursday's announcement.

Some critics of Transtromer's writing have questioned its lack of social commentary, so often found in the works of other Nobel winners, including last year's laureate, Mario Vargas Llosa of Peru.

Humble and unpretentious, Transtromer has always avoided political debates and has stayed out of the public eye.

He is considered a master of metaphor, weaving powerful images into his poems without much embellishment. His focus on simplicity is also mirrored in the way he led his life.

"A lot of great poets don't do anything but writing poetry," said Swedish author Lars Gustafsson, a longtime friend. "But here you have a man who has worked really hard his entire life as a psychologist and who has been writing on Saturday afternoons and in his spare time, often in small, cramped rooms.

"I think his readers also experience him in that way. His poetry is very elementary. It is about things that nearly all people share, such as dreams," Gustafsson added.

Staffan Bergsten, who wrote a biography on Transtrom published this year, said his work is characterized by a combination of the ordinary — people, nature — and the feeling that "there's something secretive underneath."

"No strange words, nothing like that. Anyone can understand it at some level," he said. "But then there are other dimensions."

Born in Stockholm in 1931, Transtromer was raised by his mother, a teacher, after she divorced his father, a journalist. He started writing poetry while studying at the Sodra Latin school in Stockholm.

His work appeared in several journals before he published his first book of poetry, "17 poems," in 1954. It won acclaim in Sweden.

He studied literature, history, poetics, the history of religion and psychology at Stockholm University.

Transtromer's most famous works include the 1966 "Windows and Stones," in which he depicts themes from his many travels, and "Baltics" from 1974.

After his stroke in 1990, he largely stopped writing, but he published "The Sorrow Gondola" in 1996 with work that had been written before the stroke and the "The Great Enigma."

For decades, Transtromer has had a close friendship with American poet Robert Bly, who translated many of his works into English. In 2001, Transtromer's Swedish publishing house, Bonniers, published the correspondence between the two writers in the book "Air Mail."

Earlier this year, Bonniers released a collection of his works between 1954 and 2004 to celebrate the poet's 80th birthday.

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Karl Ritter in Stockholm and AP National Writer Hillel Italie contributed to this report.

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Malin Rising can be reached at http://twitter.com/malinrising

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3 win Nobel for showing universe is speeding up (AP)

By MALCOLM RITTER and KARL RITTER, Associated Press Malcolm Ritter And Karl Ritter, Associated Press – 2?hrs?43?mins?ago

NEW YORK – Three U.S.-born scientists won the Nobel Prize in physics Tuesday for discovering that the universe is expanding at an accelerating pace, a stunning revelation that suggests the cosmos could be headed for a colder, bleaker future, nearly devoid of light.

In 1998, Saul Perlmutter, Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess presented findings that overturned the conventional idea that the expansion was slowing 13.7 billion years after the big bang.

Their discovery raised a question: What is pushing the universe apart? Scientists have labeled it "dark energy," but nobody knows what it is.

It's "an enigma, perhaps the greatest in physics today," the Nobel committee said.

Perlmutter, 52, of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, will receive half the $1.5 million prize. The other half will go to Schmidt, 44, at the Australian National University in Weston Creek, Australia, and Riess, 41, an astronomy professor at Johns Hopkins University and Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore.

Working in two teams, with Perlmutter heading one, they had raced to measure the universe's expansion by analyzing light from dozens of exploding stars called supernovas. They found the light was weaker than expected, signaling that the expansion of the universe was accelerating.

It was "one of the truly great discoveries in the history of science, and one whose implications are not fully understood," said Paul Steinhardt, a physics professor at Princeton University.

One consequence of the finding is that in a trillion years, galaxies will be spread apart from each other by more than the current size of the universe, he said. And the ever-greater expansion rate means the light from one galaxy will no longer be visible from another as it is today, he said.

"It's like changing from New York City to suddenly where everyone is spread out across some huge desert and there's nothing around to view," Steinhardt said.

The rapid expansion also implies that the universe will get increasingly colder as matter spreads across ever-vaster distances in space, said Lars Bergstrom, secretary of the Nobel physics committee.

The committee, citing the Robert Frost poem that pondered the world ending in fire or ice, suggested that "if the expansion will continue to speed up, the universe will end in ice."

But Robert Kirshner, a Harvard astronomer who was part of the team that included his former students Schmidt and Riess, said scientists don't know enough about dark energy to predict what will happen to the universe hundreds of billions of years from now.

One possibility is that the expansion will continue to accelerate, he said, "sort of like compound interest gone mad." It could even speed up so much that not only will galaxies fly apart from each other, but "stuff will really rip apart," even planets and atoms, he said. That's called the "big rip," "and I hope that's not our fate."

On the other hand, Kirshner said, the expansion could halt and go into reverse, so the universe collapses back into itself, a fate sometimes called the "big crunch."

With such uncertainty, he said, "it seems very important to learn more about what the dark energy is."

Schmidt said he was just sitting down to have dinner with his family in Canberra, Australia, when the phone call came from the academy.

"I was somewhat suspicious when the Swedish voice came on," Schmidt said. "My knees sort of went weak and I had to walk around and sort my senses out."

Riess said his "jaw dropped" when he got an early morning call at his home in Baltimore from a bunch of Swedish men and realized "it wasn't Ikea," the Swedish furniture retailer. "I'm dazed," he said.

Perlmutter said his team made the discovery in steps, analyzing the data and assuming it was wrong.

"And after months, you finally believe it," he said. "It's not quite a surprise anymore. I tell people it's the longest `Aha!' experience that you've ever had."

Fred Dylla, executive director of the American Institute of Physics, said the discovery confirmed an idea from Albert Einstein called the cosmological constant. Einstein included this in his general theory of relativity, a cornerstone of modern physics.

The Nobel Prizes were established in the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel and have been awarded since 1901. The prizes are presented to the winners every year on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death in 1896.

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Karl Ritter reported from Stockholm. Louise Nordstrom and Malin Rising in Stockholm, Kristen Gelineau in Sydney, Jessica Gresko in Washington and Greg Moore in Phoenix contributed.

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